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William Adkins18-23 minutes 10/28/2024

NR 283 Final Exam

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Chamberlain University

NR-283: Pathophysiology

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Chapter 17: Gastrointestinal Final Exam Concept Review

Pathophysiology, Causes, Signs, and Symptoms

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity through the diaphragm, which may be caused by factors such as a shortening of the esophagus, diaphragm muscle weakness, increased abdominal pressure (e.g., during pregnancy), trauma, or other underlying conditions. Common symptoms include heartburn (pyrosis), which presents as a brief burning sensation behind the sternum accompanied by a sour taste, frequent belching, increased discomfort while lying down or bending over, dysphagia (due to esophageal inflammation or compression), and persistent mild substernal chest pain radiating to the shoulder or jaw. Complications of a hiatal hernia can include strangulation.

Acute Gastritis

Acute gastritis involves inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which appears red and edematous. It can be triggered by various microorganisms (both bacterial and viral), food allergies (such as shellfish or certain drugs), radiation or chemotherapy, the ingestion of corrosive substances, excessive alcohol intake, and the use of ulcerogenic medications, particularly on an empty stomach. Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, vomiting (with hematemesis indicating potential ulceration), epigastric pain or cramps, fever, headache, and diarrhea (which may accompany infections).

Chronic Gastritis

Chronic gastritis is characterized by the atrophy of stomach mucosa, leading to a loss of secretory glands. This condition is often observed in individuals with Helicobacter pylori infection, those using NSAIDs, alcohol abuse, or those suffering from autoimmune disorders such as pernicious anemia. Symptoms may include mild epigastric discomfort, anorexia, and intolerance to certain foods (especially spicy or fatty foods).

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Peptic ulcer disease refers to breaks or ulcerations in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. It can result from factors such as Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAID usage, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Duodenal ulcers are characterized by increased acid secretion, while gastric ulcers often stem from impaired mucosal defenses. Common symptoms include epigastric burning or aching pain (often occurring 2-3 hours after meals), localized pain following stomach emptying, heartburn, weight loss, nausea, vomiting (especially after consuming irritants), iron deficiency anemia, and occult blood in stool.

Cholelithiasis

Cholelithiasis refers to the formation of gallstones, which are solid materials formed from bile. Although the exact cause is idiopathic, risk factors include obesity, middle age, female gender, Native American ancestry, and previous gallbladder or pancreatic disease. Symptoms may be asymptomatic but can include severe biliary colic pain in the right upper quadrant, nausea, vomiting, and potential jaundice if there is a blockage in bile flow.

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is characterized by inflammation of the liver and can be caused by various viruses, including Hepatitis A (HAV), which is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and typically resolves without long-term effects; Hepatitis B (HBV), which is spread through infected blood or bodily fluids and may lead to chronic issues; and Hepatitis C (HCV), often linked to post-blood transfusion scenarios or IV drug use, with a risk of chronic liver disease.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy is a neurological syndrome that results from the accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream due to liver failure. Symptoms include altered levels of consciousness, confusion, memory loss, convulsions, and jaundice. Two types of hepatic encephalopathy include obstructive and hemolytic.

Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is an irreversible inflammatory liver disease characterized by inflammation, destruction, and the formation of scar tissue within the liver. It may stem from alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms often include fatigue, anorexia, indigestion, weight loss, ascites, esophageal varices, and jaundice.

Esophageal Varices

Esophageal varices develop due to obstructed blood flow in the liver, leading to increased pressure in the portal vein and resulting in the expansion of surrounding blood vessels. This condition can lead to life-threateni